(נהמבוא הועתק מהויקיפדיה העברית 15 במרץ 2010)

איטלקית יהודית היא שפה המבוססת על השפה האיטלקית, והייתה בשימוש על ידי קהילות יהודיות רבות ברחבי איטליה. היא התפתחה בין המאה העשירית למאה התשע עשרה, ונקראה גם "לעז", "לטינו" או "וולגאר".

מכונה גם: italo-judaica, giudeo-italiane, giudaico-italiane ו-Giudaico romanesco

האיטלקית היהודית מתחלקת לניבים רבים ואינה אחידה. בכל עיר, חבל ארץ או קהילה יהודית השפה השתנתה בהתאם לחיי הקהילה. דוגמאות לשפות איטלקיות-יהודיות הן ונציאנית-יהודית בוונציה, פירנצית-יהודית בפירנצה, רומית-יהודית ברומא ועוד. גם בקורפו שביוון דיברו בשני ניבים של שפה זו.

האיטלקית היהודית נכתבת בכתב העברי. השפה מתאפיינת בייחוד הפעלים, תופעה של הוספת סיומת איטלקית של שמות פעולה לשורשי פעלים עבריים (לדוגמה: Axalare-לאכול, Gannaviare-לגנוב). כיום השפה מדוברת על ידי כ-200 אנשים בלבד, בעיקר ברומא, בקורפו ובישראל, ומקורותיה נשמרים בעיקר בספריית הקונגרס בארצות הברית.

אתר מחקר לשפות יהודיות[]

מקור חשוב:Jewish Language Research Websit

(תחילת הערך - Description by Seth Jerchower - להמשכו הקש בקישור לעיל)

Judeo-Italian, also known as Italkian, Latino, and Volgare, refers to literary and spoken Jewish varieties of Italian. Varieties of Italo-Romance appear in Jewish texts from the 10th to the 17th centuries in Italy, and from the 16th through the 18th centuries in the Jewish community of Corfu. Spoken varieties have been documented in Rome, Corfu, and elsewhere until the present day;

קטע נוסף

According to the views of Sermoneta and Cuomo, who analyzed the corpus from socio- and ethno-linguistic perspectives, Judeo-Italian is best described within the context of a common linguistic attitude shared by the members of a given social, ethnic, and/or linguistic community.

בעתיד -ITALIA JUDAICA אולי גם כאן ]

הניב המקומי באז'יטו[]

ראו ערך מורחב:הניב המקומי באז'יטו

עד סוף המאה ה-18, הסוחרים היהודים השתמשו בעיקר בשפות: ספרדית ופורטוגזית. השפה הפורטוגזית היתה שפת הפעולות העיסקיות, שפת החוק וההוראות. בשפה הספרדית (קסטיליאנית) שהיה לה את העדיפות התרבותית נכתבו ספרות החול, השירה וההוראה. עם רשויות השלטון היהודים דיברו בשפת המדינה, איטלקית. ממועד איחוד איטליה 1861 נחשבה שיחה בספרדית פחות או יותר פשע. בקהילה עצמה, דלת העם, דיברו בניב מיוחד באז'יטו במקביל ללדינו. אפילו חלק מתושבי המקום נהגו לשוחח בניב היהודי-ליבורנזי, באז'יטו . מקורו של השם הוא בשפה הספרדית, השם "bajo" הוא כינוי חיבה ל"bajito", באיטלקית "basso - bassino/bassetto", שפרושו מהתחתית, נחות לעומת האחרים . השם באז'יטו הוא גם מקור לשמות משפחה באיטליה. מהטיות קלות של השם מתקבלים שמות המשפחה הבאים: בגיטו, בגיטומה ובגיטטה (bagitto, bagittume, bagittate).השפה לא היתה שפה כתובה, בדומה לאידיש, אך נכתבו בה יצירות להצגה. יצירה לדוגמא היא לה גנורה לונה)(להלן)

לניב המקומי , הבאז'יטו, היו שני מקורות "נחותים" : שפת הספנים - הניב הליבורנזי המקומי ושפת העם היהודי הפשוט . דוגמאות למילים בשנה זו הם: אנונימו ( Anonimo ) - לא יהודי, בתוליה (Betulia) - חופשיה, אקלארה (aklare) - לאכול, גנבארי 0gannaveare) - לגנוב, אינזיקיארה ( inzekkenire) - להזדקן ו סמנג'וי (smengói) - מזומן אולי נובע מהמונח העברי מעות. בקיצור, היתה זו איטליזציה של מונחים עבריים. נוסיף כי לשפה היו גם מקורות לא-יהודיים : מספרדית - טומרה (tomare) - לקחת ורושאטה (roschetta)- כעך, מפורטוגזית - גנורה (gnora) - לעולם ומוציקו(mucicco) - ילד ואפילו בערבית קוסקוסו (cuscussú).

לה גנורה לונה[]

בשנת 2006 הוצג ביוזמת להקת "בני קדם" של יהדות פירנצה בלדה העממית לה גנורה לונה (La Gnora Luna). היה זה ביטוי לדוגמא לשימוש בניב היהודי המיוחד. המיוחד במחזה הוא הניב שבו היא נכתבה: גרסה אחת טוענת כי המחזה נכתב בניב באז'יטו של יהדות ליבורנו, ואילו לפי הגירסה השנייה, בניב הפיורנטיני, דהיינו מפירנצה. חוקר יהדות איטליה, בצלאל רות, סבור מדובר בשתי יצירות בעלות אותו שם.

הצגת המחזה באמצע המאה ה-18 עוררה שורת מהומות בכל רחבי איטליה. המחזה מתאר בשפע פרטים מגוחכים, מקרה אסון שאירע כביכול, בחתונה יהודית באותם הימים. למחזה התלוותה נעימה מלבבת, המינואט של מלך סרדיניה, שהפכה לשיר מקובל, שצליליו הושמעו בפי האספסוף, בראותו יהודי, ליד שערי הגטו או מתחת לחלונות בתי יהודים.

קישורים חיצוניים[]

הגדה של פסח עם תרגום באיטלקית יהודית ? (ראו להלן), ונציה שפ"ט (1629)

(עדיין טעון בדיקה. למשל: הפזמון "עשרה מי יודע" מובא דווקא בתרגום לגרמנית)

על ההגדה

הגדה של פסח. שפ"ט. ונציה

סדר הגדה של פסח : בלשון הקדש ופתרונו בלשון איטליאנו עם כמה צורות ... ואותיות מצויירות ... ואלה מוסיף ... פירוש צלי אש והוא קצור זבח פסח / מהרב ... דון יצחק אברבנאל ...

ויניציאה : דפוס ייואני קאליוני, שפ"ט.

ראו כאן

וכן ראו כאן:זבח פסח

ג'ודאיקו-רומנסקו - הלשון היהודית רומית[]

(טעון השלמה)

סיכום ממצא[]

המקור

Try to find the ancient walls of Rome today and mostly what remains are a few extant sections and some brick gates. Once surrounding the entire city, over time erosion, pilferage, and urban upheaval have reduced the imposing fortifications to mere fragments.

In much the same way, certain Italian dialects and minority languages, including a Judeo-Italian dialect called Italkian, are on the verge of being lost to the linguistic heavens.

Jewish Italo-Romance Dialects[]

ראו כאן:JUDAICO ROMANESCHI

Italkian was spoken mainly in urban areas in Rome and in central and northern Italy (especially in Livorno) from the 10th to the 17th centuries in Italy. Described as a mix between Italian and Hebrew, it is estimated that only a tiny number of people speak Italkian fluently today and less than 4,000 people still use it in their everyday speech.

Italkian is not the only dialect that employs Hebrew. Others include Yiddish, which is a mix between German and Hebrew, and Ladino (Judeo-Spanish), a mix between Spanish and Hebrew. Linguists also make a distinction between such Jewish Italo-Romance dialects as giudeo-ferrarese, giudeo-mantovano, giudeo-modenese, giudeo-reggiano, and giudeo-veneto.

Hebrew Alphabet, Italian Dialect[]

Like many Italians around the turn of the 20th-century, Jews in Italy could speak standard Italian or the local dialect or both, and they could also speak their own Jewish dialect of Italian. Judeo-Italian dialects varied from city to city and region to region. In addition, Judeo-Italian dialects were originally written in the Hebrew alphabet and used in Jewish liturgy, ritual, and the Passover Haggadah.

מקור חשוב[]

http://www.orbilat.com/Languages/Italkian/Italkian.html

הועתק מהויקיפדיה האנגלית[]

Judeo-Italian languages are the Italo-Romance linguistic varieties used between the 10th and the 20th centuries in Italy, Corfu and Zante.

The term "Judaeo-Italian"[]

The glossonym type giudeo-italiano is of academic and relatively late coinage. In English, Judæo-Italian was first used by Lazaro Belleli in 1904 for his article Judæo-Greek and Judæo-Italian in the Jewish Encyclopedia (vol. 7, 310-313), describing the languages of the Jews of Corfu. In Italian, Giuseppe Cammeo referred to a Gergo giudaico-italiano in his 1909 article Studj dialettali (Vessillo Israelitico 57 (1909); the term first appears on p. 169). That same year, Umberto Cassuto used the term giudeo-italiano, in the following:

Actually, while the existence of a Judeo-German dialect is universally known, almost nobody beyond the Alps suspects that the Italian Jews have, or at least had, not to say a dialect of their own, but at least a way of speaking with peculiar features. True, in practice its importance, limited to the everyday use of some thousand people, is almost nothing versus that of Judeo-German, spoken by millions of individuals that often do not know any other language, and has its own literature, its own journalism, its own theater, and thus, almost the importance of a real language... It is almost nothing, if you will, even compared with other Jewish dialects, Judeo-Spanish for instance, that are more or less used literarily; all this is true, but from the linguistic point of view, Judeo-German is worth as much as Judeo-Italian [giudeo-italiano], to name it so, since for the glottological science the different forms of human speech are important in themselves and not by its number of speakers or the artistic forms they are used in. Moreover, a remarkable difference between Judeo-German and Judeo-Italian [giudeo-italiano], that is also valuable from the scientific point of view, is that while the former is so different from German as to constitute an independent dialect, the latter by contrast is not essentially a different thing from the language of Italy, or from the individual dialects of the different provinces of Italy...

256:

...It was natural that the Judeo-Italian jargon [gergo giudeo-italiano] would disappear in a short while.

(Umberto Cassuto “Parlata ebraica.” Vessillo Israelitico 57 (1909): 255-256)^[1]

Other designations[]

Historically, Italian Jews referred to their vernaculars as "La`az" (לעז), Hebrew for "foreign language" (i.e., specifically, "non-Hebrew language"). The Italian Jewish rite is sometimes called minhag ha-lo'azim, and linguists use lo'ez as a description of words of Romance origin in Yiddish. This may be connected with the Germanic use of the word wälsch (literally, "foreign") for Romance peoples and languages (as in "Welsh", "Walloon" and "Wallachian"): the Italian (and Sephardic) Hebrew script for Torah scrolls is known as "Velsh" or "Veilish".
In 1587, David de Pomi uses the word "italiano" in reference to the Italian glosses in his trilingual dictionary. The Hebrew title of the 1609 Venice Haggadah uses the word "italiano" for the language of Leone Modena's translation (u-fitrono bi-leshon iṭalyano ופתרונו בלשון איטליאנו).
Other historic descriptions are "Latino" and "Volgare", both of which were commonly used in the Middle Ages to mean Italian in general.
After the institution of the Ghetto forced Jewish communities throughout Italy into segregation, the term ghettaiolo was identified with local Jewish varieties of regional dialects.
Another native name type is giudeesco (e.g., Judeo-Florentine iodiesco; < *IUDÆĬSCU[M], or an assimulation of the hiatus תבנית:IPA *giudaesco < *IUDAĬSCU[M]).
The neologism Italkian was coined in 1942 by Solomon Birnbaum (see References), who modelled the word on the modern Hebrew adjective ית-/אטלקי italki(t), “Italian”, from the middle Hebrew adjective איטלקי (< ITALICU[M]), “Italic”, “Roman”.

Dialects[]

Judeo-Italian regional dialects (ghettaioli giudeeschi), including:

Judæo-Ferraran (giudeo-ferrarese) from Ferrara
Judæo-Florentine (giudeo-fiorentino, iodiesco) from Florence
Judæo-Mantuan (giudeo-mantovano) from Mantua
Judæo-Modenan (giudeo-modenese) from Modena
Judæo-Piedmontese (giudeo-piemontese) from the region of Piedmont
Judæo-Reggian (giudeo-reggiano) from the region of Reggio Emilia in Emilia-Romagna
Judæo-Roman (giudeo-romanesco) from Rome
Judæo-Venetian (giudeo-veneziano) from Venice.

Also

Bagitto (giudeo-livornese) from Livorno (includes elements of Judeo-Spanish and Portuguese)

At least two Judeo-Italian varieties, based on Salentino and Venetian varieties were also used in Corfu.[1]

Characteristics[]

All the spoken varieties used a unique (among Jewish languages, although there are arguably parallels in Jewish English usage) combination of Hebrew verb stems with Italian conjugations (e.g., "אכלר akhlare", to eat; "גנביר gannaviare", to steal; "דברר dabberare", to speak; "לכטיר lekhtire", to go). Similarly there are abstract nouns such as "טובזה tovezza", goodness.

Also common are lexical incorporations from Hebrew, particularly those applicable to daily life. Terms from other Jewish languages such as Yiddish and Ladino were also incorporated.

Bagitto, the dialect of Livorno (Leghorn), is particularly rich in loanwords from Judeo-Spanish and Judeo-Portuguese.

It was claimed by Cassuto that most Judeo-Italian dialects reflect the Italian dialect of places further to the south, as since the expulsion of the Jews from the Kingdom of Naples the general direction of Jewish migration in Italy has been northward.

Number of speakers[]

Fewer than 4000 people today have basic knowledge of Italkian, and of these, only a small number are able to speak the language fluently.

Library of Congress/ISO information[]

"Italkian" is not used by the Library of Congress as a subject heading, neither does it figure as a reference to Judeo-Italian. The authorized subject heading is "Judeo-Italian language". Subheadings are:

Judeo-Italian language: Glossaries, vocabularies, etc.
Judeo-Italian language: Grammar.
Judeo-Italian language: Italy Livorno Glossaries, vocabularies, etc.
Judeo-Italian language: Texts.

The subject reference is: Judeo-Italian dialect. LC-MARC uses the following language codes : Judeo-Italian Assigned collective code [ita] (Italian).

This is in compliance with the International Organization for Standardization language code ISO 639-2 code (roa).

References and notes[]

↑ Infatti, mentre è universalmente nota l’esistenza di un dialetto giudeo-tedesco, quasi nessuno sospetta oltr’alpe che gli ebrei italiani abbiano pure, o almeno abbiano avuto, non dirò un loro dialetto, ma almeno una loro parlata con peculiari caratteri. Certo, praticamente l’importanza di essa, limitata all’uso quotidiano di poche migliaia di persone, è pressoché nulla di fronte a quella del giudeo-tedesco, il quale è parlato da milioni di individui che bene spesso non conoscono altra lingua, ed ha una propria letteratura, un proprio giornalismo, un proprio teatro, sì da assumere quasi l’importanza di una vera e propria lingua a sé … è pressoché nulla, se si vuole, anche a paragone di altri dialetti giudaici, del giudeo-spagnuolo ad esempio, che sono più o meno usati letterariamente; è vero tutto questo, ma dal punto di vista linguistico tanto vale il giudeo-tedesco, quanto il giudeo-italiano, se così vogliamo chiamarlo, giacché di fronte alla scienza glottologica le varie forme del parlare umano hanno importanza di per sé e non per il numero di persone che le usano o per le forme d’arte in cui vengono adoperate. Piuttosto, una notevole differenza fra il giudeo-tedesco e il giudeo-italiano, che ha valore anche per il riguardo scientifico, è che, mentre quello è tanto diverso dalla lingua tedesca da costituire un dialetto a sé stante, questo invece non è essenzialmente una cosa diversa dalla lingua d’Italia, o dai singoli dialetti delle varie provincie d’Italia … ; 256: … era naturale che il gergo giudeo-italiano in breve volger di tempo sparisse… (Umberto Cassuto “Parlata ebraica.” Vessillo Israelitico 57 (1909): 255-256)

תבנית:Refbegin

Birnbaum, Solomon. "Jewish Languages", in Essays in Honour of the Very Rev. Dr. J. H. Hertz, Chief Rabbi of the United Hebrew Congregations of the British Empire, on the Occasion of His Seventieth Birthday, September 25, 1942 (5703). Ed. I. Epstein, E. Levine, C. Roth. London, E. Goldston, [1944]. 51-67 (63, 67).
Cassuto, Umberto. "Parlata ebraica". Vessillo Israelitico 57 (1909): 254-260.
Ferretti Cuomo, Luisa. "Italchiano versus giudeo-italiano versus 0 (zero), una questione metodologica", in Italia: studi e ricerche sulla storia, la cultura e la letteratura degli Ebrei d'Italia 3.1-2 (1982): 7-32.
Fortis, Umberto. La parlata degli ebrei di Venezia e le parlate giudeo-italiane. La Giuntina, 2006. ISBN 88-8057-243-1.
Fortis, Umberto and Zolli, Paolo, La parlata giudeo-veneziana: Assisi/Rome 1979 ISBN 88-85027-07-5
Gold, David L. "The Glottonym Italkian", in Italia: studi e ricerche sulla storia, la cultura e la letteratura degli Ebrei d'Italia 2.1-2 (1980): 98-102.
Mayer Modena, Maria Luisa, “Le parlate giudeo-italiane”, in Storia d'Italia. Gli ebrei in Italia, a cura di Corrado Vivanti, vol. II, Dall'emancipazione a oggi, Einaudi, Torino 1997, pp. 939-963.
Merzagora, Giovanna Massariello, Giudeo-Italiano Profilo dei dialetti italiani 23: Pisa 1977
Pomi, David de, 1525-ca. 1593. תבנית:Unicode David. Dittionario novo hebraico, molto copioso, dechiarato in tre lingue. Venetijs: Apud Ioannem de Gara, 1587.

תבנית:Refend

External links[]

הפניה תבנית:שפות יהודיות

תבנית:Romance languages

[Cassuto!-1] Infatti, mentre è universalmente nota l’esistenza di un dialetto giudeo-tedesco, quasi nessuno sospetta oltr’alpe che gli ebrei italiani abbiano pure, o almeno abbiano avuto, non dirò un loro dialetto, ma almeno una loro parlata con peculiari caratteri. Certo, praticamente l’importanza di essa, limitata all’uso quotidiano di poche migliaia di persone, è pressoché nulla di fronte a quella del giudeo-tedesco, il quale è parlato da milioni di individui che bene spesso non conoscono altra lingua, ed ha una propria letteratura, un proprio giornalismo, un proprio teatro, sì da assumere quasi l’importanza di una vera e propria lingua a sé … è pressoché nulla, se si vuole, anche a paragone di altri dialetti giudaici, del giudeo-spagnuolo ad esempio, che sono più o meno usati letterariamente; è vero tutto questo, ma dal punto di vista linguistico tanto vale il giudeo-tedesco, quanto il giudeo-italiano, se così vogliamo chiamarlo, giacché di fronte alla scienza glottologica le varie forme del parlare umano hanno importanza di per sé e non per il numero di persone che le usano o per le forme d’arte in cui vengono adoperate. Piuttosto, una notevole differenza fra il giudeo-tedesco e il giudeo-italiano, che ha valore anche per il riguardo scientifico, è che, mentre quello è tanto diverso dalla lingua tedesca da costituire un dialetto a sé stante, questo invece non è essenzialmente una cosa diversa dalla lingua d’Italia, o dai singoli dialetti delle varie provincie d’Italia … ; 256: … era naturale che il gergo giudeo-italiano in breve volger di tempo sparisse… (Umberto Cassuto “Parlata ebraica.” Vessillo Israelitico 57 (1909): 255-256)

[1]

שפות יהודיות-איטלקיות

תוכן עניינים